12 Jun History: This Date

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Events, deaths, births, of JUN 12
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• Mandela condemned to life in prison... • “Mr. Gorbachev tear down this wall!”... • Condamnés à mort par la Révolution...

On a June 12:
2002 The stock of Alamosa Holdings (APS) falls from the previous day's close of $1.92 to an intraday low of $1.05 and closes at $1.10. It had already fallen on 06 June 2002 from the previous close of $3.65 to an intraday low of $1.95.
2002 Upon a $35-a-share cash buyout offer from a Mexican company, the stock of Puerto Rico Cement (PRN) rises from the previous close of $22.20 to an intraday high of $35.10 (also it's 52-week high) and closes at $34.77. It had traded as low as $16.70 during the past 52 weeks.
2002 Christopher Watt, 15, goes into an Ottawa sewer on a dare and finds himself trapped. His friends call police and, after rescuers (breathing from air tanks) in inflatable boats search for five hours in the maze of sewers, he is found in a 3-meter diameter pipe, flowing with one meter of foul sewage.

2000 Baby gets arm transplant from her dead twin. ^top^
Una niña malaisia de sólo mes y medio de edad, Chong Lih Ying, ha recibido el implante del brazo y mano de su hermana gemela, fallecida en el parto el 21 de abril. La microcirugía ha permitido esta operación, realizada en el Hospital Selayang de Kuala Lumpur. [photo: Las enfermeras miran a la pequeña Chong Lih Ying que se recupera del trasplante del brazo >]. La hermana gemela idéntica de Chong sufría una fuerte deformación cerebral y murió al nada más nacer. En todo el mundo, tan sólo se habían realizado seis trasplantes de manos o brazos, pero todos en adultos.

2000 The US Supreme Court, in a unanimous ruling, said patients cannot use a federal law to sue HMOs for giving doctors a financial incentive to cut treatment costs.
1998 A jury in Hattiesburg, Mississippi, convicts 17-year-old Luke Woodham of killing two students and wounding seven others at Pearl High School.
1996 US Senate Republicans overwhelmingly choose Trent Lott to succeed Bob Dole as majority leader.

1996 Communication Decency Act blocked ^top^
A panel of federal judges issue a preliminary injunction blocking the Communications Decency Act, part of the Telecommunications Act of 1996. The law included a section making it a crime to transmit indecent material to minors on the Internet. The judges say that the act places "profoundly repugnant" restrictions on free speech, violating First Amendment rights. The panel argue that the Internet should have the same free speech protections as other media. Later that summer, the Supreme Court would strike down the Communications Decency Act.

1995 Letonia, Estonia y Lituania se convierten en Estados asociados a la Unión Europea.
1994 Austria vota en un referéndum a favor de su ingreso en la Unión Europea.
1992 Inauguración en Río de Janeiro de la Cumbre de la Tierra, en la que se adoptaron una serie de medidas para frenar el deterioro del medio ambiente del planeta.
1991 Primeras elecciones presidenciales en Rusia y rotunda victoria de Boris Yeltsin, que obtiene el 60% de los votos. El Partido del Congreso, ganador sin mayoría absoluta en las elecciones legislativas en la India. — Russians go to the polls and elect Boris N. Yeltsin president of their republic.
1991 The Mount Pinatubo volcano in the Philippines begins erupting.

1991 CERN seminar on WWW    ^top^
      CERN, the European Particle Physics Laboratory in Geneva, holds a seminar about the World Wide Web, a new hypertext system designed by British computer scientists Tim Berners-Lee during a fellowship at CERN. In May, Berners-Lee had presented the architecture for the World Wide Web to a CERN committee and released a version of the Web on CERN's computers.
      Berners-Lee had been developing the system, which allowed Internet documents to "link" to each other easily, since 1989. By 1990, he had created the basic parameters of the World Wide Web, which were posted on the Internet in the summer of 1991. Berners-Lee continued to develop the Web through 1993, working with feedback from Internet users. By late 1991 and early 1992, the Web was widely discussed, and in early 1993, when Marc Andreessen and other graduate students at the University of Illinois released the Mosaic browser (Netscape's precursor), the Web rapidly became a popular communications medium.

1990 Réunion conjointe des conseils municipaux de Berlin-Ouest et Berlin-Est ^top^
A Berlin, le 9 novembre 1989, le Mur s’ouvre à la suite d’une décision du Conseil des ministres de la R.D.A. Le 22 décembre suivant, la porte de Brandebourg, symbole de l’unité de la ville, est ouverte par les autorités est-allemandes. Les premières élections communales libres ont lieu le 6 mai 1990. Les conseils municipaux des deux parties de la ville se réunissent pour la première fois, ensemble. Le lendemain, on commence la démolition du Mur dans la tristement célèbre Bernauer-Strasse. Le 1er juillet suivant, le deutsche Mark (DM) est introduit dans la partie Est. Le traité d’union entre les deux Allemagnes est signé le 31 août dans le palais du Kronprinz (Est). Les quatre Alliés et les représentants des deux Allemagnes signent, à Moscou, le 12 septembre 1990 le traité supprimant les droits particuliers des Alliés à Berlin (traité des deux + quatre). La ville devient entièrement allemande. À 0 heure dans la nuit du 3 octobre 1990, la R.D.A. et donc Berlin-Est font leur entrée dans la République fédérale, permettant au Parlement pan-allemand de se réunir, pour la première fois, le lendemain, au Reichstag.

1990 El Parlamento de la URSS aprueba la Ley de Prensa y otros medios de comunicación, la primera que garantiza la libertad de prensa y los derechos de los periodistas en ese país.

1987 Reagan challenges Gorbachev to tear down the Berlin Wall    ^top^
      In one of his most famous Cold War speeches, President Ronald Reagan challenges Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev to tear down the Berlin Wall. Two years later, deliriously happy East and West Germans did break down the infamous barrier between East and West Berlin. Reagan's challenge came during a visit to West Berlin. With the Berlin Wall as a backdrop, Reagan declared, "There is one sign the Soviets can make that would be unmistakable, that would advance dramatically the cause of freedom and peace." He then called upon his Soviet counterpart: "Secretary General Gorbachev, if you seek peace--if you seek prosperity for the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe--if you seek liberalization: come here, to this gate. Mr. Gorbachev, open this gate. Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall." Addressing the West Berlin crowd, Reagan observed, "Standing before the Brandenburg Gate, every man is a German, separated from his fellow men. Every man is a Berliner, forced to look upon a scar." Reagan then went on to ask Gorbachev to undertake serious arms reduction talks with the United States.
      Most listeners at the time viewed Reagan's speech as a dramatic appeal to Gorbachev to renew negotiations on nuclear arms reductions. It was also a reminder that despite the Soviet leader's public statements about a new relationship with the West, the United States wanted to see action taken to improve the Cold War tensions. Just eight months before, a summit between Reagan and Gorbachev had ended unsatisfactorily, with both sides charging the other with bad faith in talks aimed at reducing nuclear arsenals. Reagan, who had formed a personal closeness to Gorbachev during their previous meetings, obviously wanted to move those negotiations forward.
      December 1987, the two met once again and signed the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty, which eliminated an entire class of nuclear missiles from Europe.

1987 Jean Bedel Bokassa, emperador centroafricano, condenado a muerte por asesinato múltiple, detención ilegal, secuestro y malversación de fondos públicos.
1986 P W Botha declares South African national emergency
1985 Nouveau Traité Européen marquant l’entrée de l’Espagne et du Portugal dans la Communauté Européenne. —
España se adhiere a la Comunidad Económica Europea, a la Organización Europea para la Investigación de Energía Nuclear y a la Comunidad Europea del Carbón y el Acero.
1985 The US House of Representatives approves $27 million in aid to the Nicaraguan Contras.

   ^top^
1979 The Gossamer Albatross, designed by Paul MacCready, 53, is pedaled and piloted by 62-kg Bryan Allen, 26, a bicyclist and hang-glider enthusiast, from near Folkestone, Kent, on the coast of Engand, to Cape Gris-Nez, on the French coast, a distance of 37 km, in 2 h 49 min. (speed: 13 km/h).
      This flight wins the £100'000 Kremer Prize for the first man-propelled flight across the English Channel. The plane has a wingspan of 28.6 m, weighs 32 kg, and is constructed of Mylar, polystyrene, and carbon-fibre rods.
     Allen had taken a previous MacCready design, the Gossamer Condor, on 23 August 1977, along a 1.85 km figure-8 course to win another Kremer Prize of £50'000.
     MacCready would go on to design a solar-powered plane, the Solar Challenger, which would fly a km course across the English Channel on 07 July 1981.

1978 David Berkowitz sentenced in NY Supreme Court to 25 yrs to life for each of the six "Son of Sam" .44-caliber killings that had terrified New Yorkers.

1975 Indira Gandhi convicted of election fraud    ^top^
      Indira Gandhi, the prime minister of India, was found guilty of electoral corruption during her successful 1971 campaign. Despite calls for her resignation, Gandhi refused to give up India’s top office, and later declared martial law in the country when public demonstrations threatened to topple her administration.
      Indira Gandhi, who was the only child of Jawahaelrl Nehru, the first prime minister of the Republic of India, became a national political figure in 1955 when she was elected to the executive body of the Congress party. In 1959 she served as president of the party, and in 1964 she held a top position in Lal Bahadur Shastri's ruling government. When Shastri died suddenly in 1966, Gandhi succeeded him as prime minister.
      India's first female head of state presided over a period of civil arrest in India during the 1970s, and in 1975 declared martial law when a conviction for an infraction in the 1971 election threatened her rule. In 1977, she called a general election, and she was defeated. However, in 1980 she made a spectacular comeback and formed a new majority government. In 1982, she decided to move vigorously against the problem of Sikh nationalists in the Indian state of Punjab, ordering a rapid suppression of Sikh insurgents. On October 31, 1984, as reprisal for the government’s killing of thousands of Sikh nationalists, Indira Gandhi was shot to death by Sikh members of her security guard while walking in the garden of her New Delhi home.

1972 Demoted general testifies. ^top^
Gen. John D. Lavelle, former four-star general and US Air Force commander in Southeast Asia, testifies before the House Armed Services Committee. He had been relieved of his post in March and later demoted after it was determined that he had repeatedly ordered unauthorized bombings of military targets in North Vietnam. Court-martial charges were brought against him by his subordinates but were dropped by the Air Force because the "interests of discipline" had already been served. Lavelle became the first four-star general in modern US history to be demoted on retirement, although he continued to receive full general's retirement pay of $27'000 per year.

1970 El Rey Hussein de Jordania hace concesiones a los fedayines, cesando las hostilidades con los palestinos.
1967 Race riot in Cincinnati Ohio (300 arrested)
1967 The US Supreme Court unanimously rules that states cannot ban interracial marriages.
1967 Israel wins 6 day war

1965 South Vietnamese premier resigns ^top^
Mounting Roman Catholic opposition to South Vietnamese Premier Phan Huy Quat's government leads him to resign. The next day a military triumvirate headed by Army General Nguyen Van Thieu took over and expanded to a 10-man National Leadership Committee on June 14. The Committee decreed the death penalty for Viet Cong terrorists, corrupt officials, speculators, and black marketeers. The Catholics approved of Quat's resignation and warned the military against favoring the Buddhists, who asked for an appointment of civilians to the new cabinet.

1964 Mandela sentenced to life imprisonment    ^top^
      Following his convictions on four charges of sabotage, Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela, the leader of the opposition to the South African government’s racist policies of apartheid, is sentenced to life in prison. Mandela would spend the first eighteen of his twenty-seven years in jail at the brutal Robben Island Prison. Confined to a small cell without a bed or plumbing, he was forced to do hard labor in a quarry. He could write and receive a letter once every six months, and once a year he was allowed to meet with a visitor for thirty minutes. However, Mandela’s resolve remained unbroken, and, while remaining the symbolic leader of the anti-apartheid movement, he led a movement of civil disobedience at the prison that coerced South African officials into drastically improving conditions on Robben Island.
      In 1944, Mandela, a lawyer, had joined the African National Congress (ANC), the oldest black political organization in South Africa, where he became a leader of Johannesburg's youth wing of the party. In 1952, he became deputy national president of the ANC, advocating nonviolent resistance to apartheid—South Africa’s institutionalized system of white supremacy and racial segregation.
      However, after a massacre of peaceful black demonstrators at Sharpeville in 1960, Nelson helped organize a paramilitary branch of the ANC to engage in guerrilla warfare against the white minority government. In 1961, he was arrested for treason, and, although acquitted, he was arrested again in 1962 for illegally leaving the country. Convicted and sentenced to five years at Robben Island Prison, he was put on trial again in 1964 on charges of sabotage. In June of 1964, he was convicted along with seven other ANC leaders at the end of the Rivonia Trial.
      Sentenced to life in prison, he became a powerful symbol of the South African and international movement to end apartheid. In 1989, F. W. de Klerk became South African president, and set about dismantling apartheid. De Klerk lifted the ban on the ANC, suspended executions, and on February 11, 1990, ordered the release of Nelson Mandela after twenty-seven years in prison. Mandela subsequently led the ANC in its negotiations with the minority government for an end to apartheid and the establishment of a multiracial government. In 1993, Mandela and de Klerk were jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, and in 1994, the ANC won an electoral majority in the country’s first free elections, electing Mandela as the South African president.

1960 Es canonizado el nuevo santo español Juan de Ribera.

1952 The First American Sports Car    ^top^
      Maurice Olley, Chevrolet’s Chief Engineer, completes his chassis, code-named "Opel," which will eventually become the chassis for the 1953 Corvette.
      The Opel project had been initiated after Harley Earls’ General Motors (GM) design division created models and drawings for a new GM sports car. During testing, a prototype fiberglass car accidentally rolled during testing, with the car’s fiberglass roof remaining structurally intact, leading GM engineers to consider for the first time building an all fiberglass body for one of their cars.
      As project Opel moved forward, the new sports car took shape as a rear-engined, all fiberglass sportscar, the first in America. In July of 1952, the Corvette got its name after an extensive search through an English dictionary: A corvette was a small-sized, speedy warship of the British Royal Navy.
      In January of 1953 the Corvette was exhibited as a "dreamcar" at the Motorama Car Show in New York City. The first Corvette, a white convertible with red interior, drove off the assembly line on June 30, 1953. That year the car was produced in limited numbers, but full-scale production began the following year following Ford’s release of the T-Bird at the New York Auto Show in February.
      The small-car competition from Ford prompted Chevrolet officials to continue Corvette production, in spite of some misgivings due to lagging sales. In 1954 the Corvette was a failure, with some 3500 cars sold and another 1200 left unsold at year’s end. Chevy engineer Zora Arkus-Duntov, initially brought on to develop the Corvette’s performance, urged his superiors not to admit defeat on the project and to instead create a separate department to oversee the development of the car.
      From this point forward Arkus-Duntov made turning the Corvette into a legitimate sports car his a personal challenge. He overhauled the engine and drive-shaft, and over the next two years minor adjustments were made to the car’s body and styling. By 1955, the Corvette, equipped with new suspension and a 195 horsepower engine, was tested in disguise at the Pike’s Peak Hill Climb, where it shattered the stock car record with Arkus-Duntov behind the wheel. In February of 1956 Arkus-Duntov drove a modified Corvette V-8 to a two-way stock car record of 240 km/h at the Daytona Raceway. While the Corvette would not surpass the T-Bird in sales during the 1950s, it would fulfill GM’s initial expectation in becoming the first American sports car.

1948 Ginebra, designada sede de la OIT y de la primera conferencia mundial de la salud.
1943 II Guerra Mundial: Los aliados ocupan las islas italianas de Pantelaria y Lampedusa.
1942 US bombers strike the oil refineries of Ploesti, Rumania for the first time.The US 93rd Bomb Group saw action over Western Europe, North Africa, Italy and Rumania.
1940 Retraite française derrière la Marne -- Les Allemands occupent Reims -- Le gouvernement français se replie près de Tours (Cangé) -- Weygand ordonne le repli général des armées

1940 Surrenders, and Paris an open city    ^top^
      54'000 British and French troops surrender to German Field Marshal Erwin Rommel at St. Valery-en-Caux, on the northern Channel border, as the Germans continue their gains in France. Even after the evacuation of Dunkirk by the British Expeditionary Force, tens of thousands of British and Allied troops remain in France. Overwhelmed by the German invaders, over 3000 Allied troops attempted to escape by sea but are stopped by German artillery fire. Surrender was the order of the day; among those taken prisoner were 12 Allied generals.
      But all was not lost, as Britain refused to leave France to German occupation. Prime Minister Winston Churchill had already ordered more British troops back into France, and British bombers were also attacking German lines of communication. British and Allied troops were still active in other parts of France--some 50 British fighters and 70 bombers were moving on German forces.
      But despite the British reinforcements and encouragement (Churchill flew to France himself to encourage the French leaders), General Maxime Weygand ordered the French military governor of Paris to ensure that the French capital remained an open city--that is, there was to be no armed resistance to the Germans. In short, he was pushing for an armistice, in effect, capitulation. The enemy would be allowed to pass through unchallenged. Weygand addressed his cabinet with his assessment of the situation: "A cessation of hostilities is compulsory." He bitterly blamed Britain for France's defeat, unwilling to take responsibility for his own inept strategies and failed offensives. Paris was poised for occupation.

1937 Eight of Stalin's generals are sentenced to death during purges in the Soviet Union.
1935 Chaco War ends between Bolivia and Paraguay
1934 Black-McKeller Bill passes causes Bill Boeing empire to break up into Boeing United Aircraft [Technologies] and United Air Lines
1933 Estados Unidos adopta las primeras medidas antiproteccionistas.
1931 Gangster Al Capone and 68 of his henchmen are indicted for violating Prohibition laws.
1926 Brazil quits the League of Nations in protest over plans to admit Germany. Joseph Avenol, secretary-general of the League of Nations, sold out the organization he had sworn to uphold.
1923 Harry Houdini frees himself from a straitjacket while suspended upside down, 40 feet (12 m) above the ground in NYC
1921 President Warren Harding urges every young man to attend military training camp.
1920 Republicans nominate Warren G. Harding for president and Calvin Coolidge for vice president.
1920 Farmer Labor Party organized (Chicago)

1918 First bombing raid by American aircraft    ^top^
      During World War I, the first bombing raid ever conducted by American pilots is carried out by six aircraft of the US Army’s Ninety-sixth Aero Squadron. The unit leaves the Allied airbase at Amanty, France, and flies to a railroad junction about sixty km into enemy territory, where they drop about eighty bombs.
      The first American air force, appropriately named the first US First Aero Squadron, was organized in 1914 after the outbreak of World War I. On 19 March 1917, members of the squadron flew their first combat mission in support of the seven thousand US troops who had invaded Mexico to capture Mexican revolutionary Pancho Villa. Despite numerous mechanical and navigational problems, the American flyers flew hundreds of scouting missions for US Brigadier General John J. Pershing, and gained important experience that would later be used by the pilots over the battlefields of Europe.
      On 08 April 1918, one year after the US entrance into World War I, the US First Aero Squadron was assigned to the Western Front for the first time on observation duty. Six days later, the American pilots engaged in their first aerial dogfight with enemy aircraft. In a battle fought almost directly over the Allied Squadron Aerodome at Toul, France, US pilots Douglas Campbell and Alan Winslow succeeded in shooting down two German two-seaters. By the end of May, Campbell had shot down five enemy aircraft, making him the first American to qualify as an "ace" in World War I.
     Earlier in the war an audacious British air attack on a Zeppelin base in northern Germany caught the Germans with their defenses down

1917 US Secret Service extends protection of president to his family
1917 El Rey Constantino de Grecia abdica en su hijo Alejandro, por presión aliada.
1914 The first edition of A.T. Robertson's monumental 'Grammar of the Greek New Testament' is released. Its 1400+ pages make it the largest systematic analysis of the original New Testament language ever published.
1906 Los Reyes de Noruega son coronados en la catedral Nidaros de Trondheim.
1903 Asciende al trono de Serbia Pedro I, de la familia de los Karajorgevich, tras el asesinato de los reyes de este país.
1901 Cuba agrees to become a US protectorate by accepting the Platt Amendment. American plans to take the heights outside Santiago de Cuba went awry almost from the onset.
1901 El físico francés Henri Becquerel hace una demostración sobre radiactividad en la Academia de Ciencias de París.
1900 German Navy Law calls for massive increase in sea power

Philippine nationalists declares independence from Spain, but fall under US control    ^top^
1898 Indépendance (momentanée) des Philippines.
      En 1896, ses plans ayant été découverts par les Espagnols, Bonifacio, leader révolutionnaire Philippin, lançe l’appel à l’insurrection générale pour renverser, comme à Cuba, la domination coloniale espagnole. La révolution gagne rapidement plusieurs provinces, et l’exécution de Rizal, un autre leader, par les Espagnols à Manille (30 dec. 1896) ne fait qu’enflammer encore les esprits. Si l’insurrection fait des progrès, des rivalités divisent déjà ses rangs. Un leader, Emilio Aguinaldo, fait arrêter et exécuter Bonifacio (10 may 1897), et installe un gouvernement révolutionnaire à Biaknabato. Cependant, les Espagnols, par une stratégie plus subtile, obtiennent des succès dans la pacification. Ils offrirent aux insurgés, s’ils cessaient la lutte et remettaient leurs armes, une forte indemnité et une amnistie. Aguinaldo accepte (15 dec. 1897) et se retire avec ses cadres à Hong Kong. La paix semble revenir. Mais les Espagnols ne tinrent pas leurs promesses, et l’agitation reprend dès avril 1898.
      C’est à ce moment que les États-Unis déclarent la guerre à l’Espagne à propos de Cuba. Le 01 may, l’escadre américaine détruisit la flotte espagnole dans la baie de Manille. Aguinaldo, dupé par les promesses américaines, ordonne alors aux Philippins de reprendre la lutte contre le pouvoir colonial, et il constitue un gouvernement philippin. Le 12 juin 1898, il proclame l’indépendance des Philippines " sous la protection de la puissante et généreuse nation nord-américaine ". Les insurgés s’étaient rendus maîtres de la plus grande partie de Luçon et assiégeaient Manille, ce qui permit aux Américains de débarquer à proximité de la capitale, puis, le 13 août 1898, de s’en emparer sans le concours des Philippins. Madrid demande la paix. Après deux mois de négociations, les États-Unis concluent avec l’Espagne le traité de Paris (10 dec. 1898) et se font céder les Philippines moyennant 20 millions de dollars. Pendant plusieurs décennies, les Américains vont littéralement coloniser les Philippines. Par des méthodes musclées et coercitives presque dignes des nazis.
      Emilio Aguinaldo proclama la independencia de Filipinas.

1897 Possibly most severe quake in history strikes Assam India. Shock waves felt over an area size of Europe. Negligible death toll (not negligible for those who die and their loved ones!)
1886 La expedición Cervera-Quiroga, organizada por la Sociedad Geográfica Comercial Española, levanta acta de la toma de posesión, en nombre de España, de Río de Oro, actual Sáhara Occidental.

1876 Journalist headed for Little Big Horn files dispatch    ^top^
      Marcus Kellogg, a journalist traveling with Custer's 7th Cavalry, files one of his last dispatches before being killed at the Battle of the Little Big Horn. A native of Ontario, Canada, Kellogg migrated with his family to New York in 1835. As a young man he mastered the art of the telegraph and went to work for the Pacific Telegraphy Company in Wisconsin. Sometime during the Civil War, Kellogg abandoned his career in telegraphy in favor of becoming a newspaperman. In 1873, he moved west to the frontier town of Bismarck in Dakota Territory and became the assistant editor of the Bismarck Tribune. A chance event in the winter of 1876 began Kellogg's unexpected path toward the Little Big Horn. While returning from a trip to the East, Kellogg was on the same train as George Custer and his wife, Elizabeth. Custer was on his way to Fort Abraham Lincoln, near Bismarck, where he was going to lead the 7th Cavalry in a planned assault on several bands of Indians who had refused to be confined to reservations.
      After an unusually heavy winter storm, the train became snowbound. Kellogg improvised a crude telegraph key, connected it to the wires running alongside the track, and sent a message ahead to the fort asking for help. Custer's brother, Tom, arrived soon after with a sleigh to rescue them. Ever since his days as a Civil War hero, Custer had enjoyed being lionized in the nation's newspapers. Now, as he prepared for what he hoped would be his greatest victory ever, Custer wanted to make sure his glorious deeds would be adequately covered in the press. Initially, Custer had planned to take his old friend Clement Lounsberry, who was Kellogg's employer at the Tribune, with him into the field with the 7th Cavalry. At the last minute, Kellogg was picked to go instead-perhaps because Custer had been impressed by his resourcefulness with a telegraph key.
      When Custer led his soldiers out of Fort Abraham Lincoln and headed west for Montana on 31 May, Kellogg rode with him. During the next few weeks, Kellogg filed three dispatches from the field to The Bismarck Tribune, which in turn passed the stories on to the New York Herald. (Leaving nothing to chance, Custer himself also sent three anonymous reports on his progress to the Herald.) Kellogg's first dispatches, dated 31 May and 12 June, recorded the progress of the expedition westward. His final report, dated 21 June, came from the army's camp along the Rosebud River in southern Montana, not far from the Little Big Horn River. "We leave the Rosebud tomorrow," Kellogg wrote, "and by the time this reaches you we will have met and fought the red devils, with what result remains to be seen." The results, of course, were disastrous. Four days later, Sioux and Cheyenne warriors wiped out Custer and his men along the Little Big Horn River. Kellogg was the only journalist to witness the final moments of Custer's 7th Cavalry. Had he been able to file a story he surely would have become a national celebrity. Unfortunately, Kellogg did not live to tell the tale and died alongside Custer's soldiers.
      On 06 July, The Bismarck Tribune printed a special extra edition with a top headline reading: "Massacred: Gen. Custer and 261 Men the Victims." Further down in the column, in substantially smaller type, a sub-headline reported: "The Bismarck Tribune's Special Correspondent Slain." The article went on to report, "The body of Kellogg alone remained unstripped of its clothing, and was not mutilated." The reporter speculated that this might have been a result of the Indian's "respect [for] this humble shover of the lead pencil." That the Sioux and Cheyenne respected Kellogg for his journalistic skills is highly doubtful. However, his spectacular death in one of the most notorious events in the nation's history did make him something of an honored martyr among newspapermen. The New York Herald later erected a monument to the fallen journalist over the supposed site of his grave on the Little Big Horn battlefield.

1872 Inauguración del primer ferrocarril en Japón.
1867 Austro-Hungarian Empire forms.
1864 Battle of Trevilian Station, Virginia concludes.
1864 Army of the Potomac begins crossing the James River at Wilcox's Landing and Windmill Point, Virginia.
1863 Siege of Port Hudson, Louisiana continues.
1863 Siege of Vicksburg, Mississippi continues.

1862 Ride around McClellan   ^top^
      Confederate General J. E. B. Stuart begins his ride around the Army of the Potomac, outside of Richmond, Virginia, during the Peninsular campaign, after being sent on a reconnaissance of Union positions by Robert E. Lee. Four days later, Stuart had circled the entire Yankee force, 105'000 strong, and provided Lee with crucial information. General George McClellan spent the spring of 1862 preparing the Union army for a campaign against Richmond up the James Peninsula. By late May, McClellan had inched up the James with relatively light fighting. But after Joseph Johnston was wounded at the Battle of Seven Pines on 31 May, Robert E. Lee assumed command of the Army of Northern Virginia. In the next month, Lee began to show the gambling spirit that eventually earned him a reputation as one of history's greatest generals.
      Lee dispatched Stuart, his dashing cavalry leader, and 1200 troopers to investigate the position of McClellan's right flank. Stuart soon discovered that McClellan's right flank did not have any natural topographic features to protect it, so he continued to ride around the rest of the army in a bold display that exceeded Lee's orders. His troopers took prisoners and harassed Federal supply lines. They rode 160 km, pursued by Union cavalry that was commanded, coincidentally, by Stuart's father-in-law, Philip St. George Cooke. The Confederate cavalry was far superior to their Yankee counterparts, and the expedition became legendary when Stuart arrived back to Richmond on 15 June. The information provided to Lee helped the Confederates begin an attack that eventually drove McClellan from Richmond's doorstep. 1864 Grant pulls out of Cold Harbor After suffering a devastating defeat on 03 June, Union General Ulysses S. Grant pulls his troops from their positions at Cold Harbor, Virginia, and moves south.

1849 Gas mask patented by Lewis P. Haslett, Louisville, Ky
1839 first baseball game played in America
1838 Territory of Iowa organized
1812 Napoleon Bonaparte and his French army invade Russia. Although he reached Moscow his retreat proved costly.
1792 George Vancouver discovers site of Vancouver, BC
1787 US law passes providing a senator must be at least 30 years old
1776 Virginia's colonial legislature becomes the first to adopt a Bill of Rights.
1775 First naval battle of American Revolution — Unity (Am) captures Margaretta (Br)
1726 Le duc de Bourbon est disgracié. Louis XV fait de celui qui fut, des années plus tôt, son précepteur et qui a soixante-seize ans, le cardinal André Hercule de Fleury, son Premier ministre. Saint-Simon le juge " l'homme le plus superbe au-dedans et le plus implacable ".
1701 Act of Settlement gives English crown to Sophia, Princess of Hanover
1665 English rename New Amsterdam, New York, after Dutch pull out
1442 Alfonso V of Aragon is crowned King of Naples.
1099 Crusade leaders visit the Mount of Olives where they meet a hermit who urges them to assault Jerusalem.

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Deaths which occurred on a June 12:
2002 Some 300 persons in floods and mudslides caused by the heaviest rains on record in arid western China. Some 300'000 are left homeless. The area affected is from Xinjiang to Sichuan to Hubei. with the worst in Shaanxi.
2002 Raymond Damelio, 49, Sara Sprung, 88, and her husband Larry Sprung, 86, in their sleep, each shot once behind the ear at close range by Steven Santos, 20, on probation for burglaries in Marylaand, with a .380-caliber handgun, at about 06:00. Santos had spent the night on the street corners of the Avenue of the Americas in New York's lower east side, smoking marijuana laced with a narcotic, possibly cocaine. In building G of the 8-six-story-building 247-unit Amalgamated Dwellings co-op complex at 504 Grand Street (which has a buzzer-controlled front door, security cameras and is patrolled by guard except from 05:00 to 08:00) Santos sees an open window next to a fire escape, which he climbs, shoots Damelio, drinks whisky, watches sex videotapes, burglarizes the apartment, goes by the fire escape to the apartment directly downstairs. At that point he is seen by a resident who phones 911 at 06:22, but by the time the police arrive, Santos has already gone after killing the Sprungs, cramming Mr. Sprung's own blank check in Sprung's mouth, stripping Mrs. Sprung's body, abusing it sexually, and burglarizing their apartment. More than an hour later, police see Santos running away and arrest him.
2001 Naseem Nasser Agha, 18, Palestinian, of wounds from four Israeli bullets while demonstrating in solidarity with Bir Ziet university students protesting the closure and the road blocks placed by Israel on Palestinian roads to prevent Palestinians from travel, work, education and normal life.
2001 Zhang Shengfan, 38, from Chinese police beatings while under arrest since 09 June in Shuangcheng, Heilongjiang province. Zhang was a laid-off factory worker, walked with a cane, a Falun Gong follower. This brings the body count to 224 Falun Gong followers who died in police custody since China started a crackdown on the group in July 1999. Rules published 10 June 2001 allow courts to try followers who spread information about Falun Gong on charges of subversion, separatism and leaking state secrets - all crimes punishable by death.
1997 Bulat Shalvovich Okudzhava, poeta, novelista y cantautor ruso.
1994 Nicole Brown Simpson, Ronald Goldman, slashed to death outside her Los Angeles home. (O.J. Simpson would be acquitted of the killings in a criminal trial, but held liable in a later civil action.)
1980 Egon Pearson, mathematician
1972 Saul David Alinsky, 63, radical writer (John L Lewis)

1963 Medgar Evers, 37, assassinated    ^top^
      In the driveway outside his home in Jackson, Mississippi, African-American civil rights leader Medgar Evers, holding an armful of "Jim Crow Must Go" T-shirts, is shot in the back by white supremacist Byron de la Beckwith, 42.
      During World War II, Evers volunteered for the US Army and participated in the Normandy invasion, and in 1952 joined the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). As a field worker for the NAACP, Evers traveled through his home state encouraging poor African Americans to register to vote and recruiting them into the African-American civil rights movement. He was instrumental in getting witnesses and evidence for the Emmitt Till murder case, which brought national attention to the desperate plight of African Americans in the South.
      After a funeral in Jackson, Evers was buried with full military honors at Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia and President John F. Kennedy and many other leaders publicly condemned the killing. The first trial of chief suspect Byron de la Beckwith ended with a deadlock by an all-white jury, sparking numerous protests. When a second all-white jury also failed to reach a decision, de la Beckwith was set free.
     In 1989, Myrlie Evers-Williams, national chairwoman of the NAACP, asked then-Hinds County Assistant District Attorney Bobby DeLaughter to reopen the case. DeLaughter and his officers came across new evidence, including negatives of photos of the crime scene and new witnesses who testified Beckwith had bragged to them about "beating the system." In 1994, at Beckwith's final trial, eight of the 12 jurors were black. He was convicted of murder and sentenced to life in prison, and the Mississippi Supreme Court upheld the decision in 1997. Beckwith would die in prison at age 80, on 21 January 2001.

1951 Louis Auguste Mathieu Legrand, French artist born on 23 September 1863.
1945 Galerkin, mathematician.
1937, 8 Soviet army leaders, executed after been subjected to a secret purge trial, as Stalin's Great Terror continues
1928 Salvador Díaz Mirón, poeta y político mejicano.
1900 Frenet, mathematician.
1875 Julian Castro, militar y político venezolano.
1853 Merry-Joseph Blondel, French painter born on 25 July 1781. — LINKS — La Mort de Louis XII Surnommé le Père du Peuple

1820 Lallemand, étudiant tué au cours d'une émeute ^top^
La loi du 12 juin 1820 dite de " double vote ", qui permet aux contribuables les plus imposés de voter deux fois, interdit à l'opposition d'avoir le moindre espoir d'une majorité à la chambre, un jour ou l'autre. Cette nouvelle disposition du régime ultra du roi Charles X provoque des émeutes dans Paris, au cours desquelles un étudiant du nom de Lallemand est tué.

1795 Johann-Christian Brand, Austrian artist born on 06 March 1722.

Condamnés à mort par la Révolution: ^top^
1794 (24 prairial an II):
ROULY André, domicilié à Douay (Nord), comme brigand du département du Nord, par la commission militaire d’Avesnes.
BROUILLARD François Denys, libraire et relieur, domicilié à Orguigny, canton d'Epernay (Marne), comme conspirateur, par le tribunal criminel du département de la Seine.
Domiciliés dans le département de la Gironde, par la commission militaire séante à Bordeaux:
ARROUCH Guillaume Delile, marin, 38 ans, né et domicilié à Bordeaux, pour avoir le 17 juin, à la représentation de la pièce, la Vie Est un Songe, crié “Vive le roi!”.
      ... comme contre-révolutionnaires:
COMMARQUE Mathias, 75 ans, né à Bazas ex noble, domicilié à Santerre.
DELILLE Guillaume (dit Arouche), marin, domicilié à Bordeaux.
HOUSSET Michel, aîné, boulanger, 38 ans, né et domicilié à Bordeaux, ... et ayant fréquenté les deux frères Long, dit Patience, ferblantiers à Bordeaux.
LONG Guillaume (dit Patience), 38 ans, et LONG Jean Pierre (dit Patience), fils aîné, 30 ans, ferblantiers, 30 ans, nés et domiciliés à Bordeaux, ... aristocrates enragés, et ayant poussé la fureur jusqu'à maltraiter les enfants, qui ne voulaient pas se dire aristocrates.
Par le tribunal révolutionnaire séant à Arras:
HERREAU Hugues Antoine, 24 ans, né à Cassel (Allier), capitaine au 90° régiment d'infanterie, guillotiné.
      ... domiciliés à Aire (Pas-de-Calais):
BODIN Antoine, coutelier, 41 ans, comme ayant dit qu'il avait assez de couteaux pour égorger les patriotes, qu'il ne donnerait le fil qu'aux sabres des aristocrates, et qu'il conservait une tonne de bierre pour les émigrés, lors de leur rentrée en France.
CARON de CAPELLE Jacques Louis, 49 ans, né à Aire, marchand, époux de Ducatelet Isabelle.
DUPONT-d'HALWYN Charles Joseph, 78 ans, né à Aire, comme ayant coopéré à l'émigration de ses enfants; guillotiné.
Par le tribunal révolutionnaire de Paris:
BAUDONNET Jean Pierre, 28 ans, ex-curé de Beufon, né et domicilié à Rheims (Marne), comme convaincu d'être ennemi du peuple, en entretenant des intelligences avec les Anglois à Toulon, en conservant des cocardes blanches, en chantant des chansons contre-révolutionnaire, et en manifestant des sentiments fanatiques.
BOUILLARD F.D., 57 ans, né à Orchilly, près Châtillon-sur-Marne, libraire et relieur à Epernay, comme convaincu d'être ennemi du Peuple en manifestant des sentiments fanatiques, en outrageant les patriotes et en avilissant la représentation nationale.
LANGLOIS Marie Jeanne, domestique, 22 ans, native de Faverolles, domicilié à St Nom-de-Levy (Seine et Oise), comme fanatique et pour avoir dit que le jour de la Pentecôte, il y aurait de très grands événements.
NOEL Charles, chirurgien, 61 ans, né et domicilié à Roye (Somme), comme ennemi du peuple en tenant à Lagny, des propos tendants au rétablissement de la royauté.
TURPEAUX Louis, sous-chef de l'administration de la marine, 40 ans, natif de Rochefort (Charente Inférieure), domicilié à Port-la-Montagne (Var), comme convaincu d'avoir entretenu des intelligences avec les Anglais, et d'avoir participé à la trahison de Toulon.
      ... comme conspirateurs:
BARON Charles, vigneron, 30 ans, natif de Dagnery, canton de Châlons (Marne), y demeurant.
CHABAULT Pierre, 26 ans, né et domicilié à Rambouillet (Seine et Oise).
COUSIN Etienne Hippolite, 30 ans, né à Bonneval, gendarme, ex garde du ci-devant roi, domicilié à Dourdan (Seine et Oise).
GEOFFROY Jean Baptiste, 29 ans, natif de Lezay, cultivateur, ci-devant percepteur des impositions, commandant de la garde nationale, à Petit-le-Visey (Vienne), ... et pour avoir escroqué les deniers de la République.
HUSSON Pierre Alexandre Augustin, 20 ans, matelot, né à Arras domicilié à Passy (Seine)..
IGNARD Jacques, grenadier au bataillon de la Côte-d'Or, 38 ans, né à Pierrefitte, domicilié à Langres (Haute Marne).
LAMARRE Hildevat, 34 ans, natif de Vienne, dans la ci-devant Beauvoisis, ex garde de chasse à Romainville près de Paris, domicilié à Bailly (Seine et Oise).
MARINOT Jean Baptiste, menuisier et canonnier, 51 ans, né et domicilié à Châtillon-sur-Seine (Côte-d'Or), ... contre la liberté du peuple, en disant que la Convention étaient tous des coquins, incapables de gérer dans leurs fonctions, est qu'il chiait sur eux.
MOREAU Antoine, soldat vétéran au 87ème régiment, 63 ans, né à Liége, domicilié à Etain, département du Nord, par le tribunal révolutionnaire de Paris, ... en tenant des propos tendants à l'Avilissement de la représentation nationale.
BARDY Benoit, 41 ans, natif de Mont-Marly, en la ci-devant Auvergne, marchand d'almanachs, domicilié à Paris, ... pour avoir cherché à anéantir la république, en provoquant au rétablissement de la royauté.
CURTEL Jean Baptiste, 40 ans, natif de Clery (Mont Blanc), domicilié à Paris.
RICHARD Julien Honoré, 58 ans, bourrelier, né et domicilié à Paris, ... et ayant consigné dans un écrit, les mots suivant " nous ne reconnaissons en détestant les lois, que l’amour des vertus, et l’empire d’un roi, et non pas de huit cents ".
1793:
BLANCHARD Nicolas, prêtre, domicilié à Virau, canton de Langres (Haute Marne), comme contre-révolutionnaire, par le tribunal criminel dudit département.
MONESTIER Jean Antoine, voiturier, domicilié à Laval (Lozère), par le tribunal criminel dudit département, comme contre-révolutionnaire.

1687 Jurian van Streek, Dutch artist born in 1632.
1661 Jacob-Willemszoon Delff II, Dutch artist born on 24 May 1619.
1612 Aert (or Aertsen) Pieterszoon, Dutch artist born in 1550.
1577 Orazio Samachini, Italian artist born on 20 December 1532.
1550 Cristóbal de Castillejo, poeta español.
0816 Saint Leo III, Pope

Births which occurred on a June 12:
1964 Otto Hahn, primer navío europeo de propulsión nuclear, es botado en Kiel (RFA).
1952 420th kitten (record) born to cat named Dusty, Bonham, TX
1947 Juan Madrid, escritor español.
1942 Bert Sakmann, investigador alemán, Premio Nobel de Medicina en 1991.

1929 Annelies Marie Frank , in Frankfurt, Germany.    ^top^
      She is the second daughter of Otto and Edith (Hollander) Frank, both from respected German-Jewish families.
     In the summer of 1933, Otto Frank left Frankfurt for Amsterdam to set up a branch of his brother's company called the Dutch Opekta Company. Less than a year later, Edith, Anne (four years old), and her sister Margot, joined Otto in Amsterdam. In May 1940 the Germans invaded the Netherlands. Anne continued to attend the local Montessori school, but after summer recess in 1941, she was not allowed to attend school with non-Jews.
      The Nazi administration began issuing anti-Jewish decrees. In May 1942, all Jews aged six and older were required to wear a yellow Star of David on their clothes. All Jews had to register their businesses and, later, surrender them to non-Jews. Fortunately, Otto Frank, in anticipation of this decree, had already turned his business over to his non-Jewish partners Victor Kuler and Johannes Kleiman. Mass arrests of Jews and mandatory service in German work camps were becoming routine. Fearful for their lives, the Frank family began to prepare to go into hiding. They already had a place in mind - an annex of rooms above Otto Frank's office.
     People on the office staff in the Dutch Opekta Company had agreed to help them. Besides Kugler and Kleiman, there were Miep and Jan Gies, Bep Voskuijl, and Bep's father - all considered to be trustworthy. These friends and employees not only agreed to keep the business operating in their employer's absence; they agreed to risk their lives to help the Frank family survive. Mr. Frank also made arrangements for his business partners, Hermann van Pels, along with his wife, Auguste, and their son, Peter, to share the hideaway.
     While these preparations were secretly under way, Anne celebrated her thirteenth birthday on 12 June 1942, when she received a diary as a present. On 05 July 1942, her sister, Margot, received a call-up notice to be deported to a Nazi "work camp." Even through the hiding place was not yet ready, the Frank family hurriedly packed their belongings and left notes implying that they had left the country. On the evening of 06 July, they moved into their hiding place. A week later, on 13 July, the van Pels family joined the Franks. On 16 November 1942, the seven residents of the Secret Annex were joined by its eighth and final resident, Fritz Pfeffer.
     For two years the Franks were part of an extended family in the Annex, sharing a confined space and living under constant dread of detection and arrest by the Nazis and their Dutch collaborators.
     At approximately 10:00, 04 August 1944, the Frank family's greatest fear came true. A Nazi policeman and several Dutch collaborators appeared at the hideout, having received an anonymous phone call about Jews hiding there, and charged straight for the bookcase leading to the Secret Annex. Karl Joseph Silberbauer, an Austrian Nazi, forced the residents to turn over all valuables. When he found out that Otto Frank had been a lieutenant in the German Army during World War I, he was a little less hostile. The residents were taken from the house, forced into a covered truck, taken to the Central Office for Jewish Emigration, and then to Weteringschans Prison. Two of the helpers, Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman, were also imprisoned for their role in hiding the family. Miep Gies and Bep Voskuijl were not arrested, although Miep was brought in for questioning by the police.
      On 08 August 1944, after a brief stay in Weteringschans Prison, the residents of the Secret Annex were moved to Westerbork transit camp. They remained there for nearly a month, until 03 September, when they were transported to the Auschwitz death camp in Poland. It was the last Auschwitz-bound transport ever to leave Westerbork.
     In October 1944, Anne and Margot were transported from Auschwitz to the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp in Germany. Thousands died from planned starvation and epidemics at Bergen-Belsen. Anne and Margot, already debilitated, contracted typhus and grew even sicker. Anne, fifteen years old, and Margot, nineteen years old, died in February and March, 1945.
     Otto Frank was the only resident of the annex to survive the Holocaust. He found it difficult to settle permanently in Amsterdam with its constant reminders of his lost family. He and his second wife, Elfried Geiringer, also an Auschwitz survivor, moved to Basel, Switzerland, in 1953. Otto Frank died on August 19, 1980, at the age of ninety-one.
      Friends in Amsterdam had searched the rooms of the hideout and found Anne's diary. Mr. Frank published it diary in 1947 as The Diary of a Young Girl. The book has been translated into some 50 languages. Precocious in style and insight, it traces her emotional growth amid adversity and records her assertion that "In spite of everything I still believe that people are really good at heart."

1924 George Herbert Walker Bush , 43rd VP (1981-89) who became in 1989 the 1st Vice President since Van Buren to take office as elected President, 41st Pres (1989-1993) and on 20 January 2001 the second US president whose son becomes president. — George Bush padre, ex presidente de Estados Unidos.
1919 Ahmed Addallah, político comorano, presidente de su país en 1975.

1915 David Rockefeller    ^top^
      The youngest of five children sired by the imperious oil baron John D. Rockefeller, David ably continued the family tradition of acquiring vast sums of money. Before the dawn of 1941, David had racked up degrees from Harvard, the London of School Economics and the University of Chicago. Following a stint in World War II, Rockefeller started working at the Chase National Bank, which was chaired by his uncle, Winthrop W. Aldrich. David enjoyed a fast rise through the ranks at Chase and was named the bank's vice president in 1952. A few years after his promotion, Rockefeller helped engineer the merger between Chase and the Bank of Manhattan Company. But, befit his name and background, Rockefeller didn't stall as the second in command of the newly formed banking conglomerate: By 1969, he was tabbed to serve as both the chairman of the board and CEO of the Chase Manhattan Bank. A well-traveled expert in international finance, Rockefeller's reign at Chase lasted until the dawn of the 1980s.
      David Rockefeller, banquero estadounidense.

1910 Juan Velasco Alvarado, militar y político peruano.
1897 Anthony Eden Earl of Avon (C), British PM (1955-57) He helped establish the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO). — Sir Anthony Eden. Conde de Avon. Político británico conservador.
1890 Egon Schiele, Austrian expressionist painter, draftsman, printmaker who died on 31 October 1918. — MORE ON SCHIELE AT ART “4” JUNE — LINKS — Männlicher Akt (Selbstbildnis) I — Self at 16 — Self — Self at 20 — The Family — Heinrich Wagner, Leutnant i.d. Reserve — Russischer Kriegsgefangener
1888 Zygmunt Janiszewski, mathematician.
1858 Henry Scott Tuke, British painter who died on 30 March 1929. — LINKS — The Promise — The Rowing Party
1827 Johanna Heusser (Spyri), Swiss writer whose story for children, Heidi, is known all over the world. Her psychological insight into the child mind, her humour, and her ability to enter into childish joys and sorrows give her books attraction and lasting value.
1819 Charles Kingsley: Il fut pasteur anglican, il enseignera à Cambridge (Angleterre). Mais la littérature l'attire. Il en profite (avec Westward HO) pour exposer ses vues sur le "Socialisme chrétien " dont il est l'un des promoteurs. Épris de justice sociale, il se rangera parmi les " chrétiens musclés ".
1806 John A. Roebling, in Muehlhausen, Prussia. He would grow up to be the civil engineer who designed the Brooklyn Bridge, which spans the East River to connect Manhattan with Brooklyn. For nearly a decade after it opened on 24 May 1883, the bridge, with a main span of 486 meters, was the longest suspension bridge in the world. Steel wire cable, invented and manufactured by Roebling, made the structure possible.
1742 Jurriaan Andriessen, Dutch artist who died on 31 July 1819.
1677 Jean Ravoux, French artist who died in 1734.
1634 il cavaliere Giuseppe Recco, Neapolitan still-life painter who died on 29 May 1695. — MORE ON RECCO AT ART “4” JUNE — LINKS — Still-Life with Fruit and Flowers
1580 Adriaen Stalbemt, Flemish artist who died on 21 September 1662.
1577 Guldin, mathematician

Holidays Finland : Helsinki Day (1550) / Phillipines : Independence Day (1898) / Turk and Cacios Island: Constitution Day

Religious Observances Buddhist-Bhutan : Buddha's Ascension / Christian : Bl Guy of Cortona / RC : SS Basilides, Cyrinus, Nabor, Nazarius, martyrs / RC : St John of San Facondo, confessor / Santos León, Cirino, Nabor, Nazario, Antonina y Basílides. San Juan de Sahagún.

Thoughts for the day: “Death and taxes may always be with us, But at least death doesn't get any worse.”
“The pen is mightier than the queen.” — [in other words: the female of the cob is mightier than the female of the tom. Still not clear? OK then: the mother of the cygnet is mightier than the mother of the kitten. A swan is stronger than a cat.]

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